Frequency planning for clustered jointly processed cellular multiple access channel

Owing to limited resources, it is hard to guarantee minimum service levels to all users in conventional cellular systems. Although global cooperation of access points (APs) is considered promising, practical means of enhancing efficiency of cellular systems is by considering distributed or clustered jointly processed APs. The authors present a novel `quality of service (QoS) balancing scheme' to maximise sum rate as well as achieve cell-based fairness for clustered jointly processed cellular multiple access channel (referred to as CC-CMAC). Closed-form cell level QoS balancing function is derived. Maximisation of this function is proved as an NP hard problem. Hence, using power-frequency granularity, a modified genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed. For inter site distance (ISD) <; 500 m, results show that with no fairness considered, the upper bound of the capacity region is achievable. Applying hard fairness restraints on users transmitting in moderately dense AP system, 20% reduction in sum rate contribution increases fairness by upto 10%. The flexible QoS can be applied on a GA-based centralised dynamic frequency planner architecture

Ketersediaan Nitrogen Pada Tiga Jenis Tanah Akibat Pemberian Tiga Bahan Organik Dan Serapannya Pada Tanaman Jagung

This research concernsof knowing nitrogen(N) availability in soil, N-plant absorption andplant growth in three different kinds of soil with the incrementof three organic matters fromdifferent sources. The research conducted at the screen house, Chemistry and Fertility Laboratory,and Research and Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatera,Medan. This researchused Randomized Block Designed (RBD) Factorial that consists of twofactors and three repeatations which had made thirty six units of experiment. The first factor are thekind of soil (T) that consists of Entisol soil (T1), Inceptisol soil (T2) and Ultisol soil (T3), and thesecond factor are the organic matter (K) that consist of rice straw compost (K1), chicken dirt (K2),cocoa shell compost (K3), and control (K0). The resultof the research showed that different kind ofsoil singnificanly influencedthe C-organic soil, and total soil N, and the difference of organic mattersingnificanly influenced the total soil N, plant crowndry weight, N-absorptionof the plant and plantgrowth, and the interaction between each different kind of soil with different organic mattersingnificanly influenced the plant crowndry weight

Effect of cutting parameters and tool geometry on the performance analysis of one-shot drilling process of AA2024-t3

Drilling is an important machining process in various manufacturing industries. High-quality holes are possible with the proper selection of tools and cutting parameters. This study investigates the effect of spindle speed, feed rate, and drill diameter on the generated thrust force, the formation of chips, post-machining tool condition, and hole quality. The hole surface defects and the top and bottom edge conditions were also investigated using scan electron microscopy. The drilling tests were carried out on AA2024-T3 alloy under a dry drilling environment using 6 and 10 mm uncoated carbide tools. Analysis of Variance was employed to further evaluate the influence of the input parameters on the analysed outputs. The results show that the thrust force was highly influenced by feed rate and drill size. The high spindle speed resulted in higher surface roughness, while the increase in the feed rate produced more burrs around the edges of the holes. Additionally, the burrs formed at the exit side of holes were larger than those formed at the entry side. The high drill size resulted in greater chip thickness and an increased built-up edge on the cutting tools

Highly efficient wearable CPW antenna enabled by EBG-FSS structure for medical body area network applications

A wearable fabric CPW antenna is presented for medical body area network (MBAN) applications at 2.4 GHz based on an electromagnetic bandgap design and frequency selective surface (EBG-FSS). Without EBG-FSS, the basic antenna has an omnidirectional radiation pattern, and when operated close to human tissue, the performance and efficiency degrade, and there is a high specific absorption rate. To overcome this problem, the antenna incorporates EBG-FSS, which reduces the backward radiation, with SAR reduced by 95%. The gain is improved to 6.55 dBi and the front-to-back ratio is enhanced by 13 dB compared to the basic antenna. The overall dimensions of the integrated design are 60×60×2.4 mm 3 . Simulation and experimental studies reveal that the antenna integrated with EBG-FSS can tolerate loading by human tissue as well as bending. Thus, the design is a good candidate for MBAN applications

Parametric analysis of wearable vialess EBG structures and its alication for low profile antennas

Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structures are one class of metamaterial with attractive properties that unavailable in nature and widely used for improving the electromagnetic performance. Its In-phase reflection frequency band is indicated as operation frequency band, whose characteristic is closely related to the parameters of EBG structure, such as patch width (w), gap width (g), substrate height (h) and substrate permittivity (e). The presence of via within EBG structure is associated with design and fabrication complexities, which led the researchers to study uniplanar EBG. These structures require no via and can easily be fabricated and integrated with RF and microwaves alication. Therefore, an investigation study on the effect of the parameters of the vialess EBG surface and some design guidelines have been obtained. An example of an antenna integrated with EBG is also studied. The result indicates that the EBG ground plane significantly improves the work efficiency of the antenna in a particular frequency band

Compact and Low-profile Textile EBG-based Antenna for Wearable Medical Applications

©2017 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works.A compact wearable antenna with a novel miniaturized EBG structure at 2.4 GHz for medical application is presented in this letter. The design demonstrates a robust, compact and low-profile solution to meet the requirements of wearable applications. The EBG structure reduces the back radiation and the impact of frequency detuning due to the high losses of human body. In addition, the structure improves the front-to-back ratio (FBR) by 15.5 dB. The proposed compact antenna with dimensions of 46 × 46 × 2.4 mm3 yields an impedance bandwidth of 27% (2.17-2.83 GHz), with a gain enhancement of 7.8 dBi and more than 95 % reduction in the SAR. Therefore, the antenna is a promising candidate for integration into wearable devices applied in various domains, specifically biomedical technology

Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

© 2020 Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target—1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023—we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings: Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45·8 (95% uncertainty interval 44·2–47·5) in 1990 to 60·3 (58·7–61·9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2·6% [1·9–3·3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010–2019 relative to 1990–2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0·79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388·9 million (358·6–421·3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3·1 billion (3·0–3·2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968·1 million [903·5–1040·3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation: The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people—the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close—or how far—all populations are in benefiting from UHC. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation